Carbohydrate transport in bacteria.

INTRODUCTION 385 FACILITATED DIFFUSION 386 Glycerol Transport System in Escherichia coli ........ 386 Facilitated Diffusion Systems in Other Bacteria ........ 387 OSMOTIC SHOCK-SENSITIVE ACTIVE TRANSPORT ........................ 387 Maltose Transport System in E. coli ..... .............................. .. 388 Other Shock-Sensitive Systems......... 390 PROTON-LINKED ACTIVETRANSPORT....... 390 Principles of Chemiosmotic Coupling.... ... .. 390 Lactose-Proton Symport ................................. 391 Mechanism of Energization of Lactose Uptake 394 SODIUM-MELIBIOSE COTRANSPORT IN E. COLIAND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. 395 GROUP TRANSLOCATION 397 Phosphoenolpyruvate:Sugar Phosphotransferase System: Recent Developments 397 Distribution of Phosphotransferase Systems in Bacteria 399 REGULATION OF CARBOHYDRATE UPTAKE IN BACTERIA .. 401 Competition for Sugar Binding to Permease Proteins 401 Phosphotransferase System-Mediated Regulation 402 Inhibition of Sugar Uptake by Intracellular Sugar Phosphates 403 Control of Permease Activities by the Energized Membrane State. 403 Competition for Phospho-HPr: Regulation of Sugar Uptake via the Phosphotransferase System...... 404 Inducer Expulsion 405 EXOGENOUS INDUCTION OF BACTERIAL PERMEASE SYNTHESIS 406 Proteins Induced by Exogenous Inducers 406 Physiological and Mechanistic Significance of Extracellular Induction 407 Mechanistic Studies on uhp Induction 408 Induced Synthesis of Phosphotransferase System Proteins 409 CONCLUDING REMARKS 410 LITERATURE CITED 411